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One Brow wrote:

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I can think of a couple of sources off the top of my head. Probably 5% of the Judean population captured was technically of another tribe, and there were still remnants of the tribes captured by Assyria, as well.

When the kingdom of Israel split and the 10 tribes withdrew there were representatives of all 12 tribes who remained in Judah's territory. Also prior to 740 B.C.E. some who had fled to Judah's territory to escape the idolatry of Israel were from the 10 tribes.

Rehoboam was of the tribe of Judah and was given the tribe of Benjamin which formed the 2 tribe sourthern kingdom. But he still ruled over some of "the sons of Israel that were dwelling in the cities of Judah." In other words, members of the northern 10 tribes. (1 Kings 12:17 / 2 Chronicles 10:17) When king Jeroboam of the northern kingdom started calf worshipping the priests and Levites there sided with Rehoboam they went to Judah and Jerusalem. (2 Chronicles 11:13-17) Others deserted during the reign of King Asa (2 Chronicles 15:9-10)

When the Assyrians overthrew the northern capital of Samaria they transplanted the populations so as to reduce the possibility of uprisings as was their custom. (1 Chronicles 5:6, 26) That was the end of the northern kingdom but members of the 10 tribes were still living in the southern kingdom of Judah. They would have been taken captive to Babylon in 607 B.C.E. and their descendants returned at the restoration in 537 B.C.E. also as you stated those exiled by the Assyrians in 740 B.C.E.

Also, Ezekiel, who was a prophet of Judah in captivity in Babylon mentioned "the house of Israel" many more times than "the house of Judah" and his prophecy indicated that the two 'houses' would become one which is why after the Babylonian captivity no distinction was made between the two. (Ezekiel 37:19-28 / Hosea 1:11 / Jermiah 3:18)